Science's contribution to the evaluation of halieutic resources and to fisheries management

SENAT

Report n° 132 (2008-2009) by M. Marcel-Pierre CLEACH, Senator (for the parliament office for the evaluation of scientific and technological choices)

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• INTRODUCTION
  
  • I. THE OCEANS DURING THE "ANTHROPOCENE" PERIOD
    
    • A. THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
      
      • 1. Acidic oceans
        
      • 2. The desertification of the oceans
        
      • 3. Species displacement and chronobiological phase shifts
        
    • B. THE DIRECT IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND POLLUTION
      
      • 1. Plastics, macro- and micro-waste
        
      • 2. 40% of the oceans' surface is greatly influenced by man
        
    • C. THE SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGE OF MANAGING HALIEUTIC RESOURCES
      
      • 1. Is the objective of a Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) attainable?
        
      • 2. What is the maximum potential of the world's oceans?
        
      • 3. Collapses, irreversible changes and questioning traditional halieutics
        
  • II. ARE THE GLOBAL FISHERIES HEADED FOR COLLAPSE?
    
    • A. THE INEVITABLE RISE OF NON-SUSTAINABLE FISHING?
      
      • 1. From aboriginal fishing to global fishing
        
      • 2. Herring, cod and cetaceans: examples of raids?
        
        • a) Herring, the first industrial fishery
          
        • b) Cod, the first colonial fishery
          
        • c) Large cetaceans
          
      • 3. Ever further, ever deeper
        
    • B. OVERFISHING AND ENDANGERED STOCKS: A UNANIMOUS WORLDWIDE DIAGNOSIS
      
      • 1. The continued deterioration of the halieutic stocks
        
        • a) Stagnating or diminishing catches around the world
          
        • b) "Fishing down marine food webs" (Pauly et al. 1998)
          
          • (1) From demersal to pelagic species
            
          • (2) The geographical expansion of the fishing effort
            
          • (3) Toward oceanic and deepwater pelagic species
            
        • c) The over-exploitation of an increasing number of stocks
          
        • d) The question of rejections
          
    • C. A POSSIBLE OR A CERTAIN COLLAPSE?
      
      • 1. Will the halieutic resources collapse? Boris Worm's thesis.
        
      • 2. The scientific debate
        
    • D. AN ECONOMIC SECTOR IN CRISIS
      
      • 1. A greatly deteriorated economic performance
        
        • a) An increased number of fishermen
          
        • b) An increase in the fishing effort
          
        • c) The bias in favour of capital intensity: the example of Brittany
          
      • 2. The billions swallowed up by fishing
        
        • a) $51 billion of potential savings for the global fishing industry
          
        • b) Fishing in the English Channel from 1996 to 1997: a model of overcapacity
          
  • III. THE FRENCH AND EUROPEAN FISHERIES: A POLICY FAILURE
    
    • A. THE 2001 GREEN PAPER: AN EVER-TOPICAL DOCUMENT
      
      • 1. The observed failure
        
      • 2. The prospects without CFP reform
        
      • 3. The desirable reforms
        
    • B. 2002: AN UNSUCCESSFUL REFORM
      
      • 1. TACs and quotas
        
      • 2. The management of deepwater species
        
      • 3. Selectivity and reducing rejections
        
      • 4. Fishermen's involvement in the decision-making process
        
    • C. EXAMPLE OF FISHING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, IN PARTICULAR BLUEFIN TUNA FISHING
      
      • 1. General set of issues concerning fishing in the Mediterranean
        
      • 2. Bluefin tuna: the predicted catastrophe
        
    • D. THE FRENCH FISHING INDUSTRY AT THE TIME FOR MAKING CHOICES
      
      • 1. The analysis of the Poseidon Report: a sector in difficulty
        
        • a) The analysis of the International and European framework
          
        • b) The difficulties facing the French fishing industry
          
      • 2. The evolution of the French fishing industry over the past 20 years
        
  • IV. AQUACULTURE: FROM MIRAGE TO MIRACLE
    
    • A. AQUACULTURE: A NECESSARY FOOD SOURCE AT THE WORLD LEVEL
      
      • 1. Aquaculture today: a necessary food source
        
      • 2. Developing aquaculture: an obligation for tomorrow
        
      • 3. French marine aquaculture: a strategic issue
        
    • B. A NON-SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
      
      • 1. The impact on the "wild" resources
        
      • 2. The impact on the natural environment
        
    • C. THE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY AQUACULTURAL OPTIONS
      
      • 1. A role in the preservation of wild species
        
      • 2. Reducing the impact on the natural environment
        
      • 3. Reduce or eliminate the catching of wild species
        
  • V. WHAT PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED, SCIENTIFICALLY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT?
    
    • A. CONSTRUCTING A SHARED VISION: THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN FISHERMEN, SCIENTISTS AND POLITICAL DECISION-MAKERS
      
      • 1. The French exception
        
      • 2. The foreign examples
        
        • a) Canada
          
        • b) Peru
          
    • B. BUILDING POLITICAL DECISION-MAKING TOOLS
      
      • 1. A new priority for halieutic research
        
      • 2. The "ecosystemic" approach
        
      • 3. Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
        
    • C. FISHERMEN: THE PRIMARY ACTORS OF RESPONSIBLE FISHING
      
      • 1. The inevitable reduction of capacity
        
      • 2. Abandoning the culture of fraud and "free-riding"
        
      • 3. Fishermen who own their resources
        
    • D. AUTHORITIES WHO EXERCISE THEIR PREROGATIVES
      
      • 1. A ministry of fishermen or a ministry of fish? Combining the "social" with the "sustainable"
        
      • 2. Monitor and sanction
        
      • 3. Fighting piracy
        
      • 4. Greater monitoring on the part of Parliament
        
    • E. BETTER-INFORMED AND MORE RESPONSIBLE CONSUMERS
      
      • 1. Educating consumers
        
        • a) The risk of losing the "halieutic culture"
          
        • b) Initiatives for the promotion of a sustainable consumption
          
        • c) Launching an initiative in favour of small-scale, sustainable fishing
          
      • 2. Ecolabelling
        
        • a) Why label fish and seafood?
          
        • b) A commitment of the Grenelle Environment Round Table
          
        • c) An assessment of today's labels
          
          • (1) The international framework of any future creation
            
          • (2) Current ecolabels for fish and seafood
            
        • d) Toward a French government label?
          
      • 3. Fighting the fishing and consumption of juveniles: distributing a "fish-meter"
        
      • 4. Recreational fishing finally regulated
        
        • a) A real problem
          
        • b) Hunting permit, sea-fishing permit: a pertinent parallel
          
        • c) The Grenelle Environment Round Table: an insufficient outcome vis-à-vis the stakes
          
• CONCLUSION
  
• TEN PROPOSALS
  FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHING
  
• EXAMINATION OF THE REPORT BY THE OPECST
  
• APPENDICES
  
• APPENDIX II
  
  PERSONS INTERVIEWED
  
• APPENDIX III
  
  AGLIA BIARRITZ COLLOQUIUM
  
  "MARINE PROTECTED AREAS,
  FISHERIES AND MARICULTURE"
  
• APPENDIX IV
  
  GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS